These women are at higher risk of heart problems.

Women who are diagnosed with premenstrual symptoms have a 10% higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease, a 31% higher risk of arrhythmias, and a 27% higher risk of strokes caused by blood clots.

This is according to a new study from Sweden's Karolinska Institute, the details of which were published Friday in the journal Nature Cardiovascular Research .

Premenstrual symptoms include premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and its more severe form, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) , and in both cases, the symptoms, which appear a few days before menstruation and then disappear, can be both psychological and physical.

The authors of the study, based on a follow-up of up to 22 years of more than 99,000 women with premenstrual symptoms , compared their health with that of women without these symptoms, both in the general population and with their own sisters to take into account hereditary factors and education .

The results show that women with premenstrual symptoms had a 10% higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease .

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When analyzing different types of cardiovascular disease, they found that the relationship was especially strong for heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmias), where the risk was 31% higher, and for strokes caused by blood clots , where the risk was 27% higher.

Even after accounting for other factors such as smoking , body mass index , and mental health , the relationship between premenstrual symptoms and increased disease risk remained.

" The increased risk was particularly evident in women diagnosed before age 25 and in those who had also suffered from postpartum depression, a condition that can also be caused by hormonal fluctuations," said Yihui Yang, a doctoral student at the Institute of Environmental Medicine at Karolinska Institutet and first author of the study.

Research has not yet identified the cause of this relationship, but the researchers responsible for the study suggest three possible explanations.

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One is that women with premenstrual symptoms may have altered regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which controls blood pressure and fluid balance in the body, among other things.

The second is that these women have elevated levels of inflammation in their bodies , which is a known risk factor for atherosclerosis and other heart problems.

The final explanation could be that women with premenstrual symptoms may have metabolic abnormalities, which are linked to an increased risk of stroke and heart attack .

"We hope our findings will contribute to greater awareness that premenstrual disorders not only affect daily life but can also have long-term health consequences," explains Donghao Lu, associate professor in the same department and co-author of the study.

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